Born on 15 February 1564; he was an Italian astronomer; physicist; engineer; philosopher; and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. He has been called the "father of observational astronomy"; the "father of modern physics";and the "father of science".His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus; the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour); and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology; inventing an improved military compass and other instruments. Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime; when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system.He met with opposition from astronomers; who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax.The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615; which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy; and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture.
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