Adam Smith, (June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland July 17, 1790, Edinburgh), Scottish social philosopher and political economist. After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Max Weber, (April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Prussia [Germany] J une 14, 1920, Munich, Germany), German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the "Protestant ethic, " relating Protestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy. Weber's profound influence on sociological theory stems from his demand for objectivity in scholarship and from his analysis of the motives behind human action. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, (Sept. 29, 1810, Chelsea, London, Eng. Nov. 12, 1865, near Alton, Hampshire), English novelist, short-story writer, and first biographer of Charlotte Brontë.