de Brauw, Alan · Herskowitz, Sylvan · Ambler, Kate · Sayaka, Bambang · Pasaribu, Sahat M. · Dabukke, Frans B. M. · Suhartini, Sri Hastuti · Suryani, Erma · Suwarno, Agus · Moyes, Tom
Smallholder farmers in developing countries face substantial constraints that limit their ability to reach their production potential. Two constraintsârisk exposure and limited access to liquidityâpose particular challenges. Smallholders face a wide variety of risks that constrain both the choices they can make and their willingness to make investments. Limited availability of affordable credit, borrowing and saving products poorly aligned with the needs of the agriculture sector, and prohibitive borrowing eligibility requirements all impede farmersâ access to the liquidity necessary for investing in new, more profitable crops and technologies (International Finance Corporation, 2014). Observers have noted that a large share of long-term credit needs is not being met in Southeast Asia, despite its location near some of the worldâs largest consumer markets (Shakhovskoy & Wendle, 2013). While existing financial services may be suitable for some farmers, access to finance is particularly inadequate among women, low-income groups, and ethnic minorities, and risk excluding the most vulnerable groups from these emerging economic opportunities.
āļāļīāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļ Google Play Books āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļ Android āđāļĨāļ° iPad/iPhone āđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļīāļāļāđāđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļāļāļāļāļļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāđāļĨāļāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļāđāļĨāļāđāđāļāđāļāļļāļāļāļĩāđ
āļāļļāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļ Google Play āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ§āđāđāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāđ