Animal Farm
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๏ปฟAccording to Orwell, theย fableย reflects events leading up to theย Russian Revolution of 1917ย and then on into theย Stalinist eraย of theย Soviet Union.ย Orwell, aย democratic socialist,ย was a critic ofย Joseph Stalinย and hostile to Moscow-directedย Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during theย May Daysย conflicts between theย POUMย and Stalinist forces during theย Spanish Civil War.ย The Soviet Union had become a totalitarian autocracy built upon aย cult of personalityย while engaging in the practice of mass incarcerations and secret summary trials and executions. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell describedย Animal Farmย as aย satiricalย tale against Stalin ("un conte satirique contre Staline"),ย and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), wrote thatย Animal Farmย was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole".
The original title wasย Animal Farm: A Fairy Story,ย but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it. Other titular variations include subtitles like "A Satire" and "A Contemporary Satire".ย Orwell suggested the titleย Union des rรฉpubliques socialistes animalesย for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, theย Latinย word for "bear", aย symbol of Russia. It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union,ย Union des rรฉpubliques socialistes soviรฉtiques.
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Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 โ 21 January 1950), known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, biting social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism.
As a writer, Orwell produced literary criticism and poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). His non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), documenting his experience of working-class life in the north of England, and Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War (1936โ1939), are as critically respected as his essays on politics and literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked George Orwell second among "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945"
