In 'Bethink Yourselves!', a treatise infused with pacifist fervor, Leo Tolstoy employs his illustrious literary command to dissect the Russo-Japanese War's moral and social repercussions. More philosophical exhortation than historical record, this essay juxtaposes the dehumanization found within the mechanics of war with the spiritual illumination Tolstoy sees as essential to human progress. As in his fiction, Tolstoy's prose intertwines incisive analysis with impassioned moral imperatives, situating the work within both the context of his later religious and ethical writings and the broader discourse of early 20th-century antiwar literature. With precision and pathos, Tolstoy challenges the justifications of war, standing as a testament to his enduring commitment to nonviolence and ethical introspection. Leo Tolstoy, a literary giant not just of Russian letters but of the global literary landscape, was profoundly influenced by the existential malaise and social inequalities of his time. Written in the twilight of his life, 'Bethink Yourselves!' reflects Tolstoy's deepening spiritual and ethical concerns, which grew from his experiences with institutional injustices and his search for personal and societal reform. This polemic emerged from a man at his most philosophically resolute, wielding his pen against the societal ills he had long critiqued and actively resisting the pervasive militarism of his era. This essay is recommended for readers who seek to understand the intersection of literature and social consciousness, those intrigued by the ethical responsibilities of individuals within the sweep of history, and Tolstoy devotees who wish to experience the full range of his literary and philosophical reach. 'Bethink Yourselves!' does not merely narrate events but invites the reader into a rigorous self-examination, echoing its title's imperative as a call to moral awakening. In the current age of global conflicts, its message remains potent, resonant, and essential reading for the peace-minded and the historically curious alike.