BUNNER SISTERS

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BUNNER SISTERS

BY EDITH WHARTON

PART I

I

In the days when New York's traffic moved at the pace of the

drooping horse-car, when society applauded Christine Nilsson at the

Academy of Music and basked in the sunsets of the Hudson River

School on the walls of the National Academy of Design, an

inconspicuous shop with a single show-window was intimately and

favourably known to the feminine population of the quarter

bordering on Stuyvesant Square.

It was a very small shop, in a shabby basement, in a sidestreet

already doomed to decline; and from the miscellaneous

display behind the window-pane, and the brevity of the sign

surmounting it (merely "Bunner Sisters" in blotchy gold on a black

ground) it would have been difficult for the uninitiated to guess

the precise nature of the business carried on within. But that was

of little consequence, since its fame was so purely local that the

customers on whom its existence depended were almost congenitally

aware of the exact range of "goods" to be found at Bunner Sisters'.

The house of which Bunner Sisters had annexed the basement was

a private dwelling with a brick front, green shutters on weak

hinges, and a dress-maker's sign in the window above the shop. On

each side of its modest three stories stood higher buildings, with

fronts of brown stone, cracked and blistered, cast-iron balconies

and cat-haunted grass-patches behind twisted railings. These

houses too had once been private, but now a cheap lunchroom filled

the basement of one, while the other announced itself, above the

knotty wistaria that clasped its central balcony, as the Mendoza

Family Hotel. It was obvious from the chronic cluster of refusebarrels

at its area-gate and the blurred surface of its curtainless

windows, that the families frequenting the Mendoza Hotel were not

exacting in their tastes; though they doubtless indulged in as much

fastidiousness as they could afford to pay for, and rather more

than their landlord thought they had a right to express.

These three houses fairly exemplified the general character of

the street, which, as it stretched eastward, rapidly fell from

shabbiness to squalor, with an increasing frequency of projecting

sign-boards, and of swinging doors that softly shut or opened at

the touch of red-nosed men and pale little girls with broken jugs.

The middle of the street was full of irregular depressions, well

adapted to retain the long swirls of dust and straw and twisted

paper that the wind drove up and down its sad untended length; and

toward the end of the day, when traffic had been active, the

fissured pavement formed a mosaic of coloured hand-bills, lids of

tomato-cans, old shoes, cigar-stumps and banana skins, cemented

together by a layer of mud, or veiled in a powdering of dust, as

the state of the weather determined.

About the author

Edith Wharton was a woman of extreme contrasts; brought up to be a leisured aristocrat, she was also dedicated to her career as a writer. She wrote novels of manners about the old New York society from which she came, but her attitude was consistently critical. Her irony and her satiric touches, as well as her insight into human character, continue to appeal to readers today. As a child, Wharton found refuge from the demands of her mother's social world in her father's library and in making up stories. Her marriage at age 23 to Edward ("Teddy") Wharton seemed to confirm her place in the conventional role of wealthy society woman, but she became increasingly dissatisfied with the "mundanities" of her marriage and turned to writing, which drew her into an intellectual community and strengthened her sense of self. After publishing two collections of short stories, The Greater Inclination (1899) and Crucial Instances (1901), she wrote her first novel, The Valley of Decision (1902), a long, historical romance set in eighteenth-century Italy. Her next work, the immensely popular The House of Mirth (1905), was a scathing criticism of her own "frivolous" New York society and its capacity to destroy her heroine, the beautiful Lily Bart. As Wharton became more established as a successful writer, Teddy's mental health declined and their marriage deteriorated. In 1907 she left America altogether and settled in Paris, where she wrote some of her most memorable stories of harsh New England rural life---Ethan Frome (1911) and Summer (1917)---as well as The Reef (1912), which is set in France. All describe characters forced to make moral choices in which the rights of individuals are pitted against their responsibilities to others. She also completed her most biting satire, The Custom of the Country (1913), the story of Undine Spragg's climb, marriage by marriage, from a midwestern town to New York to a French chateau. During World War I, Wharton dedicated herself to the war effort and was honored by the French government for her work with Belgian refugees. After the war, the world Wharton had known was gone. Even her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Age of Innocence (1920), a story set in old New York, could not recapture the former time. Although the new age welcomed her---Wharton was both a critical and popular success, honored by Yale University and elected to The National Institute of Arts and Letters---her later novels show her struggling to come to terms with a new era. In The Writing of Fiction (1925), Wharton acknowledged her debt to her friend Henry James, whose writings share with hers the descriptions of fine distinctions within a social class and the individual's burdens of making proper moral decisions. R.W.B. Lewis's biography of Wharton, published in 1975, along with a wealth of new biographical material, inspired an extensive reevaluation of Wharton. Feminist readings and reactions to them have focused renewed attention on her as a woman and as an artist. Although many of her books have recently been reprinted, there is still no complete collected edition of her work.

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