The PSTN and Broadband on Copper

Before wireless and fiber, two copper wires were used for the physical access circuit for telephone and cable TV service in suburbs and cities. Today, these wires are also used to deliver broadband.

In this module, we’ll understand how DSL broadband service runs on twisted pairs put in place for analog POTS telephone service; how cable modems move broadband on coaxial cable; and how both are delivered as fiber to the neighborhood then copper to the premise.

To finish up, we’ll review digital on copper wires: LAN cables and T1s.

Telecom Module 9

Detailed Outline

9 The PSTN and Broadband on Copper

9.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network

..... 9.1.1 Basic Model of the PSTN

..... 9.1.2 Loops

..... 9.1.3 Trunks and Circuit Switching

..... 9.1.4 Remotes

..... 9.1.5 DSL and DSLAMs in Brownfields

..... 9.1.6 Greenfields: PONs on Fiber to the Premise

..... 9.1.7 Active Ethernet to the Premise

9.2 Analog

..... 9.2.1 Analog Signals

..... 9.2.2 Analog Circuits

9.3 Capacity Restrictions

..... 9.3.1 What is Speech?

..... 9.3.2 Do Trees Falling in the Forest Make a Sound?

..... 9.3.3 The Voiceband

..... 9.3.4 Bandwidth

..... 9.3.5 Why Does the Voiceband Stop at 3300 Hz?

..... 9.3.6 Problems With Voiceband Restrictions

9.4 Problems with Analog Transmission

..... 9.4.1 Attenuation and Amplifiers

..... 9.4.2 Electro-Magnetic Interference

..... 9.4.3 Crosstalk

..... 9.4.4 Impulse Noise

9.5 Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)

..... 9.5.1 Tip and Ring

..... 9.5.2 Twisted Pair

..... 9.5.3 Line Card

..... 9.5.4 Microphone and Speaker

..... 9.5.5 Balanced Signaling

..... 9.5.6 Two-Way Simultaneous

..... 9.5.7 Hybrid Transformer

..... 9.5.8 Battery

..... 9.5.9 Lightning Protection

..... 9.5.10 Supervision

..... 9.5.11 Call Progress Tones

9.6 Network Addresses: Telephone Numbers

..... 9.6.1 Dialing Plan

..... 9.6.2 Address Signaling

..... 9.6.3 Pulse Dialing

..... 9.6.4 DTMF: “Touch Tone”

..... 9.6.5 In-Band Signaling

..... 9.6.6 “Hidden” Buttons

..... 9.6.7 Caller ID

9.7 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

..... 9.7.1 DSL: Modems Above the Voiceband

..... 9.7.2 ADSL, SDSL and XDSL

9.8 DSLAMs

..... 9.8.1 Coexistence with POTS

9.9 Fiber to the Neighborhood(FTTN), DSL to the Premise

..... 9.9.1 Loop Length

..... 9.9.2 Remote DSLAMs, OPI and SAC Boxes

9.10 DSL Standards

..... 9.10.1 ADSL2+

..... 9.10.2 VDSL2

..... 9.10.3 VDSL2 Frequency Bands and Profiles

..... 9.10.4 Pair Bonding

..... 9.10.5 Vectoring

9.11 Broadband Carriers: FTTN & Broadband Coax to the Premise

..... 9.11.1 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Network

..... 9.11.2 Frequency Channels

..... 9.11.3 Fiber Serving Area

..... 9.11.4 Television Converters

..... 9.11.5 Modems on CATV Channels

..... 9.11.6 Two-Way Communications Over a Shared Cable

9.12 DOCSIS and Cable Modem Standards

..... 9.12.1 DOCSIS 1: Contention-Based Channel Sharing

..... 9.12.2 DOCSIS 2: Reserved Time Slots on Channels

..... 9.12.3 DOCSIS 3: CDMA on Channels

..... 9.12.4 DOCSIS 3.1: OFDM

..... 9.12.5 Wider Channels

9.13 T1 and E1

..... 9.13.1 Time-Division Multiplexers

..... 9.13.2 DS1 Frames

..... 9.13.3 CSUs and Repeaters

..... 9.13.4 Synchronization

..... 9.13.5 Applications for T1

..... 9.13.6 E1 Outside North America

..... 9.13.7 TDM on Fiber

9.14 TIA-568 LAN Cable Categories

..... 9.14.1 Category 1 through 5

..... 9.14.2 TIA-568A vsTIA-568B

..... 9.14.3 Maximum Cable Length and Cabling Architecture

..... 9.14.4 Difference Between Categories

..... 9.14.5 Which Category to Use