Joaquim Miranda Sarmento is an Assistant Professor of Finance at the ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics & Management, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. He graduated from the ISEG with a degree in Management, and completed an MSc in Finance at the ISCTE; in addition, he holds a PhD in Finance from Tilburg University, Netherlands. He was Chief Economic Advisor to the President of the Portuguese Republic (Professor Cavaco Silva) from 2012 to 2016, and has previously worked at UTAO (the Technical Budget Support Unit at Parliament) and served for more than 10 years at the Portuguese Ministry of Finance.