Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, economist and revolutionary whose ideas have had a profound influence on political theory, economics and social science. Along with Friedrich Engels, Marx developed the theory of historical materialism, arguing that economic structures fundamentally shape social development. His seminal works, The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, criticise the capitalist system, arguing that it leads to class struggle and the exploitation of the working class. Marx envisioned a society in which class distinctions would dissolve, culminating in a classless, stateless society. His theories laid the foundations for various socialist and communist movements, influencing world politics and inspiring revolutions. Although controversial, Marx's analysis of capitalism and advocacy of social justice continue to be studied and debated, making him one of the most influential thinkers in modern history.