New hybrid technologies with algae, bacteria and chemical agents are being developed for sustainable wastewater treatment (WWT) processes. This book focuses on the latest developments in Microbial Electrochemical Systems, highlights major challenges in large scale operation, and presents the future scope of these techniques to make treatment processes more sustainable. Wastewater treatment is a longstanding challenge faced in every region across the globe. With increasing urbanization and more intensive agriculture the level of contaminants as well as the types of pollutants in wastewater continue to increase. Excessive use of detergents soaps, cleansing agents with new formulations, chemical fertilizers and pesticides have all added to the problem. Conventional methods of wastewater treatment were successful to some extent to decontaminate the water, but these techniques require longer times and more input of energy. Microbial electrochemical systems (MES) aid the sustainability of wastewater treatment (WWT) process. - Discusses the fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment and bio-electrochemical systems - Compares advantages, limitations, and promising solutions of different types of energy recovery options from wastewater - Summarizes recent trends and developments in Microbial Electrochemical Systems for achieving sustainable wastewater treatment - Includes carbon capture and resource recovery other than energy from wastewater using Microbial Electrochemical Systems - Addresses the challenges in the full-scale implementation of Microbial Electrochemical Systems in existing and new wastewater treatment plants