Septuagint: Habakkuk

His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite gods, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. The Book of Habakkuk is considered unique among the books of the bible, as Habakkuk openly questions his Lord's actions, which in the Masoretic version of the book, means he is questioning God. In the Septuagint's version, his Lord was differentiated from God, and prior to the Hasmonean redaction, appears to have been Qetesh, which was the title of Asherah, the wife of El and mother of Yahweh in the early Israelite religion.

Habakkuk describes the rise of the Chaldeans, who, at the time ruled Babylon, and this is accepted as a reference to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Neo-Babylonian empire rose as the Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed, beginning with the revolt of Babylon in 626 BC, and the coronation of Nabopolassar as the king of independent Babylon. In 612 BC, the combined forces of Babylon, the Persians, Medes, and Scythians laid waste to Nineveh, effectively ending the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This is the era that Habakkuk's life is generally dated to, as the Chaldeans (Babylon) was rising, however, this is not the only era suggested. The battles between the Babylonians and the remnants of the Assyrian forces, continued until the Babylonians captured Haran in 609 BC, and their war against the Assyrians ally, Egypt, continued until the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC when the Babylonians effectively defeated the Egyptians. After 605 BC, the Babylonians dominated Mesopotamia, Syria, and Samaria as far south as the border of Egypt, while the small Kingdom of Judah remained effectively landlocked between Babylonian-occupied Samaria, Amman, Moab, and Edom. In the decades that followed, the Babylonians occupied these smaller kingdoms, destroying the city of Jerusalem in 587 BC, and took the leaders of Judah to Babylonia, where they remained until the Neo-Babylonian empire fell to the Persians decades later.