Karl Marx (1818-1883) remains one of the most influential and contentious thinkers in the realm of political economy and social theory. German by birth, Marx spent a significant portion of his adult life in England, engaged in revolutionary activities and the scholarship that would cement his place in the intellectual history of the world. He is best known for 'The Communist Manifesto' (co-authored with Friedrich Engels) and 'Das Kapital', hallmark works that underpin the critique of capitalism and the advocate for a classless society. In 1871, Marx ventured into analyzing contemporary political events with 'The Civil War in France', offering a compelling insight into the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune. This work, in a quite rigorous style, reflected his unwavering support for the Parisian workers' revolutionary governance and his disdain for the French governmental structure of the time. Marx's writings are characterized by a dense, critical, and often polemical literary style that seeks to dissect the workings of capitalism and its socio-economic implications. His ideas—Marxism—ignited numerous movements and provided the theoretical bedrock for socialist and communist states during the 20th century, while simultaneously drawing considerable criticism, particularly from capitalist democratic nations and advocates of free-market economics. Marx's contribution to the social sciences is incontestable, profoundly affecting fields like sociology, economics, and political science.