Virus Variability, Epidemiology and Control
Edouard Kurstak · R.G. Marusyk · F.A. Murphy · M.H.V. Van Regenmortel
āļ.āļĒ. 2013 · Applied Virology Research āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĩāđ 2 · Springer Science & Business Media
eBook
368
āļŦāļāđāļē
reportāļāļ°āđāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļĩāļ§āļīāļ§āđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļĒāļ·āļāļĒāļąāļ Â āļāļđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ
āđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ eBook āđāļĨāđāļĄāļāļĩāđ
Virus Variability and Impact on Epidemiology and Control of Diseases E. Kurstak and A. Hossain I. INTRODUCTION An important number of virus infections and their epidemic developments demonstrate that ineffec tiveness of prevention measures is often due to the mutation rate and variability of viruses (Kurstak et al., 1984, 1987). The new human immunodeficiency retroviruses and old influenza viruses are only one among several examples of virus variation that prevent, or make very difficult. the production of reliable vaccines. It could be stated that the most important factor limiting the effectiveness of vaccines against virus infections is apparently virus variation. Not much is, how ever, known about the factors influencing and responsible for the dramatically diverse patterns of virus variability. II. MUTATION RATE AND VARIABILITY OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL VIRUSES Mutation is undoubtedly the primary source of variation, and several reports in the literature suggest that extreme variability of some viruses may be a consequence of an unusually high mutation rate (Holland et al., 1982; Domingo et al., 1985; Smith and Inglis, 1987). The mutation rate of a virus is defined as the probability that during a single replication of the virus genome a particular nucleotide position is altered through substitution, deletion, insertion. or recombination. Different techniques have been utilized to measure virus mutation rates, and these have been noted in the extent of application to different viruses.
āđāļŦāđāļāļ°āđāļāļ eBook āļāļĩāđ
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļāļāļāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāđāļĢāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļđāđ
āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļ
āļŠāļĄāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāļāđāļĨāđāļ
āļāļīāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļ Google Play Books āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļ Android āđāļĨāļ° iPad/iPhone āđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļīāļāļāđāđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļāļĄāļąāļāļīāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļĩāļāļāļāļāļļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāđāļĨāļāđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļāđāļĨāļāđāđāļāđāļāļļāļāļāļĩāđ
āđāļĨāđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđ
āļāļļāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļ Google Play āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļ§āđāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ§āđāđāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāļāļāļĄāļāļīāļ§āđāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāđ
eReader āđāļĨāļ°āļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđ
āļŦāļēāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđ e-ink āđāļāđāļ Kobo eReader āļāļļāļāļāļ°āļāđāļāļāļāļēāļ§āļāđāđāļŦāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĒāļąāļāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļāļļāļ āđāļāļĢāļāļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĒāļąāļ eReader āļāļĩāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļąāļ
