Welfare States: Achievements and Threats

Β· Cambridge University Press
Π•Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°
59
Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ
ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π΅ са ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ  НаучСтС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‡Π΅

Всичко Π·Π° Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°

The traditionally, and wrongly, imagined vulnerabilities of the welfare state are economic. The true threats are demographic and political. The most frequently imagined threat is that the welfare state package reduces the level and growth of GDP. It does not, according to broad historical patterns and non-experimental panel econometrics. Large-budget welfare states achieve a host of social improvements without any clear loss of GDP. This Element elaborates on how this 'free lunch' is gained in practice. Other threats to the welfare state are more real, however. One is the rise of anti-immigrant backlash. If combined with heavy refugee inflows, this could destroy future public support for universalist welfare state programs, even though they seem to remain economically sound. The other is that population aging poses a serious problem for financing old age. Pension deficits threaten to crowd out more productive social spending. Only a few countries have faced this issue well.

ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°

ΠšΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ мислитС.

Π˜Π½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ

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Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Google Play Книги Π·Π° Android ΠΈ iPad/iPhone. Π’ΠΎ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ сС синхронизира с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈ позволява Π΄Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ„Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½, ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° стС.
Π›Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŽΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ
ΠœΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Google Play Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ посрСдством ΡƒΠ΅Π± Π±Ρ€Π°ΡƒΠ·ΡŠΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŽΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π° си.
Π•Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ устройства
Π—Π° Π΄Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π½Π° устройства с Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ мастило, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Kobo, трябва Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Ρ‚Π΅Π³Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΉΠ» ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ…Π²ΡŠΡ€Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° устройството си. Π˜Π·ΠΏΡŠΠ»Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ инструкции Π² ΠŸΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΡŠΡ€, Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ…Π²ΡŠΡ€Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ.