The International Coordinating Group (ICG) on vaccine provision was established in 1997 to respond to high-impact epidemic-prone diseases after a large epidemic of meningococcal meningitis in West Africa. The ICG stockpile of yellow fever (YF) vaccine was established in 2001 after a major YF outbreak in Guinea, during which there was a severe shortage of YF vaccine. Since then, vaccine stockpiles have been established for cholera (2013) and, most recently, Ebola virus disease (2021).