International Economics: Global Markets, Competition, Trade, and the World Economy

Trade Theories, which elucidate why countries engage in trade and how they benefit from specialization and exchange. Key theories include comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin model.

Trade Policies, wherein governments enact measures like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies to safeguard domestic industries or foster exports, with repercussions on trade patterns, economic welfare, and diplomatic relations.

Exchange Rates, involving the valuation of currencies relative to one another and the ramifications of fluctuations on international trade, investment, and monetary policy.

Balance of Payments, a framework tracking a country's transactions with the world, including trade in goods and services, financial capital flows, and changes in reserves, offering insights into economic stability and external financial position.